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冬季两项长距离比赛致胜因素比较与备战策略研究
Research on the Comparison of Winning Factors and Preparation Strategies in the Long-Distance Biathlon Competition
目的：为我国完善冬季两项训练与备战策略提供理论依据。方法：文献研究法、对比分析法、数理统计法。结果：1）挪威、法国、德国的样本运动员在参加冬季两项IBU杯系列赛长距离比赛时获得好成绩的比例高于其他国家；2）中国样本运动员越野滑雪速度保持能力和冲刺能力低于外国样本运动员，且射击命中率低、射击区域停留时间长、射击节奏不稳；3）中外样本运动员在身体形态上具有相似性，但体脂率和去脂体重有一定差异；4）中外样本运动员在身体形态、生理机能和运动素质3个方面有较为明显的差别；5）中国和外国对冬季两项运动员的心理监测关注的重点有所不同，但是在评估方法上同中有异；6）中国样本运动员更重视基础巩固阶段的射击训练，外国样本运动员的训练计划更强调以赛代练。结论： 1）在冬季两项后备人才选材、训练方法和手段、国际合作等方面可以借鉴挪威、法国、德国的有益经验。2）我国冬季两项运动员要弥补滑雪能力短板，改善有氧耐力，强化转换区域专项技术，提高射击精度。3）我国冬季两项运动员应对标外国世界级冬季两项运动员的身体形态特征，从运动营养着手，加强肌肉功能训练，把握冬季两项的专项特征，调整体能训练，加强射击心理训练干预。此外，我国应完善冬季两项运动员体能监测体系和冬季两项运动员心理监测手段。
Objective: To provide theoretical basis for our country to perfect the training and preparation strategies of biathlon. Methods: Literature research method, comparative analysis method, mathematical statistics method. Results: 1) The sample athletes from Norway, France, and Germany achieved better results in the long-distance races of the IBU Cup Series than those from other countries; 2) The Chinese sample athletes' Cross-Country Skiing speed maintenance and sprinting ability were lower than those of foreign sample athletes, and the shooting hit rate was low, the shooting area stayed for a long time, and the shooting rhythm was unstable； 3) The Chinese and foreign sample athletes had similarities in body shape, but there were certain differences in body fat rate and defatted body weight; 4) There were obvious differences in body shape, physiological function and sports quality between Chinese and foreign sample athletes;5) The focus of psychological monitoring of biathlon athletes in China and foreign countries is different, but there are differences in evaluation methods; 6) Chinese sample athletes place more emphasis on shooting training in the basic consolidation stage, and the training plans of foreign sample athletes place more emphasis on training with competition.Conclusion: 1) We can learn from the beneficial experience of Norway, France and Germany in the selection of reserve talents for biathlon, training methods and means, and international cooperation. 2) The biathlon athletes in our country should make up for the shortboard of skiing ability, improve aerobic endurance, strengthen the special project technology of conversion area, and improve shooting accuracy. 3) Our country's biathlon athletes should deal with the physical morphological characteristics of world-class biathlon athletes in foreign countries, starting from sports nutrition, strengthening muscle function training, grasping the special project characteristics of biathlon, adjusting physical training, and strengthening shooting psychological training intervention.In addition, our country should improve the physical fitness monitoring system of biathlon athletes and the psychological monitoring means of biathlon athletes.
冬季两项 / 长距离比赛 / 成绩分析 / 致胜因素 / 备战策略
biathlon / long-distance races / performance analysis / winning factors / preparation strategies
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The biathlon, an Olympic sporting discipline that combines cross-country skiing with rifle marksmanship, entails considerable physiological demands, as well as fine motor control while shooting after intense exercise and under mental pressure. Although much of our knowledge about cross-country skiing is probably also applicable to the biathlon, carrying the rifle and shooting under stress make this discipline somewhat unique. The present review summarizes and examines the scientific literature related to biathlon performance, with a focus on physiological and biomechanical factors and shooting technique, as well as psychophysiological aspects of shooting performance. We conclude with suggestions for future research designed to extend our knowledge about the biathlon, which is presently quite limited.
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It is well known that altitude training stimulates erythropoiesis, but only few data are available concerning the direct altitude effect on red blood cell volume (RCV) in world class endurance athletes during exposure to continued hypoxia. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of three weeks of traditional altitude training at 2050 m on total hemoglobin mass (tHb), RCV and erythropoietic activity in highly-trained endurance athletes. Total hemoglobin mass, RCV, plasma volume (PV), and blood volume (BV) from 6 males and 4 females, all members of a world class biathlon team, were determined on days 1 and 20 during their stay at altitude as well as 16 days after returning to sea-level conditions (800 m, only males) by using the CO-rebreathing method. In males tHb (14.0 +/- 0.2 to 15.3 +/- 1.0 g/kg, p < 0.05) and RCV (38.9 +/- 1.5 to 43.5 +/- 3.9 ml/kg, p < 0.05) increased at altitude and returned to near sea-level values 16 days after descent. Similarly in females, tHb (13.0 +/- 1.0 to 14.2 +/- 1.3 g/kg, p < 0.05) and RCV (37.3 +/- 3.3 to 42.2 +/- 4.1 ml/kg, p < 0.05) increased. Compared to their sea-level values, the BV of male and female athletes showed a tendency to increase at the end of the altitude training period, whereas PV was not altered. In male athletes, plasma erythropoietin concentration increased up to day 4 at altitude (11.8 +/- 5.0 to 20.8 +/- 6.0 mU/ml, p < 0.05) and the plasma concentration of the soluble transferrin receptor was elevated by about 11 % during the second part of the altitude training period, both parameters indicating enhanced erythropoietic activity. In conclusion, we show for the first time that a three-week traditional altitude training increases erythropoietic activity even in world class endurance athletes leading to elevated tHb and RCV. Considering the relatively fast return of tHb and RCV to sea-level values after hypoxic exposure, our data suggest to precisely schedule training at altitude and competition at sea level.
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