This review highlights recent work evaluating the relationship between exercise, physical activity and physical and mental health. Both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, as well as randomized clinical trials, are included. Special attention is given to physical conditions, including obesity, cancer, cardiovascular disease and sexual dysfunction. Furthermore, studies relating physical activity to depression and other mood states are reviewed. The studies include diverse ethnic populations, including men and women, as well as several age groups (e.g. adolescents, middle-aged and older adults).Results of the studies continue to support a growing literature suggesting that exercise, physical activity and physical-activity interventions have beneficial effects across several physical and mental-health outcomes. Generally, participants engaging in regular physical activity display more desirable health outcomes across a variety of physical conditions. Similarly, participants in randomized clinical trials of physical-activity interventions show better health outcomes, including better general and health-related quality of life, better functional capacity and better mood states.The studies have several implications for clinical practice and research. Most work suggests that exercise and physical activity are associated with better quality of life and health outcomes. Therefore, assessment and promotion of exercise and physical activity may be beneficial in achieving desired benefits across several populations. Several limitations were noted, particularly in research involving randomized clinical trials. These trials tend to involve limited sample sizes with short follow-up periods, thus limiting the clinical implications of the benefits associated with physical activity.

Physical activity (PA) may positively stimulate the brain, cognition and mental health during adolescence, a period of dynamic neurobiological development. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) or vigorous PA interventions are time-efficient, scalable and can be easily implemented in existing school curricula, yet their effects on cognitive, academic and mental health outcomes are unclear. The primary aim of the Fit to Study trial was to investigate whether a pragmatic and scalable HIIT-style VPA intervention delivered during school physical education (PE) could improve attainment in maths. The primary outcome has previously been reported and was null. Here, we report the effect of the intervention on prespecified secondary outcomes, including cardiorespiratory fitness, cognitive performance, and mental health in young adolescents.The Fit to Study cluster randomised controlled trial included Year 8 pupils (n = 18,261, aged 12-13) from 104 secondary state schools in South/Mid-England. Schools were randomised into an intervention condition (n = 52), in which PE teachers delivered an additional 10 min of VPA per PE lesson for one academic year (2017-2018), or into a "PE as usual" control condition. Secondary outcomes included assessments of cardiorespiratory fitness (20-m shuttle run), cognitive performance (executive functions, relational memory and processing speed) and mental health (Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire and self-esteem measures). The primary intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis used linear models and structural equation models with cluster-robust standard errors to test for intervention effects. A complier-average causal effect (CACE) was estimated using a two-stage least squares procedure.The HIIT-style VPA intervention did not significantly improve cardiorespiratory fitness, cognitive performance (executive functions, relational memory or processed speed), or mental health (all p > 0.05). Subgroup analyses showed no significant moderation of intervention effects by sex, socioeconomic status or baseline fitness levels. Changes in cardiorespiratory fitness were not significantly related to changes in cognitive or mental health outcomes. The trial was marked by high drop-out and low intervention compliance. Findings from the CACE analysis were in line with those from the ITT analysis.The one-academic year HIIT-style VPA intervention delivered during regular school PE did not significantly improve fitness, cognitive performance or mental health, but these findings should be interpreted with caution given low implementation fidelity and high drop-out. Well-controlled, large-scale, school-based trials that examine the effectiveness of HIIT-style interventions to enhance cognitive and mental health outcomes are warranted.ISRCTN registry, 15,730,512. Trial protocol and analysis plan for primary outcome prospectively registered on 30th March 2017. ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03286725. Secondary measures (focus of current manuscript) retrospectively registered on 18 September 2017.

A review of the literature on the relationship of exercise to mental health strongly suggests that the two are closely linked. Thus, physical activity has been reported to reduce depression symptoms and anxiety, and to improve coping with stress. Logically, many investigators have then tried to determine the physiological mechanisms that are responsible for this mood-elevating effect of exercise. Among the current hypotheses, those regarding the endorphin and the monoamine systems have received a great deal of attention. On that basis, the respective effects of physical exercise on brain dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin transmission are reviewed herein. In addition, suggestions are advanced for future research in this field.

目的 评估身体活动对肥胖和超重儿童青少年身体健康、心理健康以及身体活动相关的健康行为的效益。 方法 遵循PRISMA指南，系统性检索Web of Science、PubMed、Scopus、PsycINFO、Cochrane Library和中国知网中2016年至2024年间发表在科学引文索引Q4区及以上期刊的系统综述或Meta分析，内容涵盖身体活动或运动干预对6~18岁肥胖或超重儿童和青少年身体或心理健康的影响。采用AMSTAR 2工具对纳入文献进行质量评估，对中高水平质量文献进行系统综述。 结果 共纳入8篇系统综述和Meta分析，涉及24 567例儿童和青少年，其中6篇为高质量，2篇为中等质量。在身体健康方面，结合有氧和阻力训练的复合运动干预在降低体质量指数(BMI)和体脂率方面表现最佳。每次60 min以上、每周3次、持续12周或更长时间的中、高强度运动干预可以显著降低肥胖和超重儿童的BMI和体脂率，且能提升心肺耐力和肌肉力量。在心理健康方面，身体活动对缓解儿童青少年抑郁和焦虑、提升自尊心具有积极效果。特别是舞蹈、户外探险活动和团队运动对改善儿童青少年的社交能力和情绪状态具有显著作用。对于神经发育障碍群体，低强度的运动形式如水中步行和瑜伽对提升自我调节能力和社交互动能力效果显著。在身体活动相关的健康行为方面，有助于促进社交互动能力，养成运动习惯，提高学生的身体活动参与水平，减少久坐行为，增加有关健康及身体活动的知识。多模式干预(如将有氧运动与营养教育或心理辅导结合)在改善整体健康方面的效果远优于单一干预模式。健康促进学校策略通过学校、家庭和社区的协同作用，可以有效提高学生的身体活动水平，减少肥胖发生率，提升心理健康水平。 结论 身体活动对肥胖和超重儿童青少年的身体和心理健康具有显著的健康效益。中、高强度有氧和阻力训练、舞蹈及户外活动是改善身体成分和心理健康的有效干预手段。多模式干预和健康促进学校策略能够产生长期健康效益。

本文使用2014—2015学年中国教育追踪调查（CEPS）数据，以中国为例考察了代际网络对子女学业成就的影响。本文通过将代际网络效应置于个体能动与网络情境的双重视角之下，检验了个体能动与网络情境的解释进路及间接机制，分析了个体能动效应基于网络情境的条件效应，进而揭示了两种解释路径之间的内在关联。研究发现：第一，代际网络宏观及微观效应在中国均存在。父母认识其他家长和网络情境特征均能提高子女的学业成就。第二，随着宏观代际网络资源的增加，由个体能动效应带来的学业成就回报逐渐增强。影响增强的网络资源因素主要来源于网络规范与关系人阶层地位。第三，宏微观代际网络的间接机制得到了进一步的检验。宏微观代际网络在一定程度上通过影响家庭和同伴社会资本、学业态度和行为进而影响子女的学业产出。