Bridging the gap between sports science and physical training practice forms the foundation for the scientific advancement of physical training. Establishing an evidence-based physical training system provides directional guidance for scientific advancement of physical training to a deeper level. Based on evidence-based practice, the fundamental characteristics of scientific advancement of physical training include: multidisciplinary integrated sports science theories, a high-quality evidence-based research system, a systematized framework of physical training elements, diversified training methods and means, and precise physical fitness measurement and assessment. Prominent problems in physical training include: the disconnection between sports science theories and physical training practice, excessive exaggeration of specific training philosophies, a lack of high-quality evidence-based research, insufficient systematization of physical training, specialized training detached from the essential demands of sports events, the instrumental alienation of physical training functions, and an underdeveloped theoretical system for physical fitness measurement. The countermeasures proposed are as follows: 1) leveraging international mature systems to construct China’s physical training system; 2) advocating scientific research paradigms to establish a high-quality evidence-based database; 3) bridging the gap between scientific training and experience-based training to build an inclusive training environment; 4) enhancing coaching efficacy to facilitate the translation of evidence-based findings into training practice; 5) strengthening the coherence of academic degree-based talent cultivation to improve the quality of physical training professionals; and 6) refining working mechanisms to enhance the governance capacity of national physical training associations.