Children from multi-problem families have an increased risk for experiencing mental health problems. These families face problems in several domains that are often found to be chronic and intergenerational. Yet, the effects of mental health care for youths from multi-problem families are small at best, urging research on new treatment programs. The InConnection approach is an integrated care program to improve resilience of youths with mental health needs from multi-problem families by connecting professional expertise from multiple disciplines with the informal social network of the youth. Youths are asked to nominate a youth-initiated mentor (YIM) from the supportive adults in their network.

Although the literature concerning the association between religiosity and fertility in European countries is already quite extensive, studies exploring the mechanisms of action of religiosity are rare. The main aim of this article is to investigate whether grandparental childcare is a mediating or moderating variable in the association between attendance at religious services and the intention to have a second or third child. Building on previous literature, we assume that parents who are more religious might put more effort into establishing a positive relation with the grandparents of their child/children. Consequently, compared to parents who are less religious, those who are more religious could be more receptive to possible encouragement from grandparents to have another child and may be more optimistic regarding grandparents’ involvement with an additional child. Using Generations and Gender Survey (GGS) data for eleven European countries, we find evidence of a strong and positive effect of attendance at religious services on fertility intentions. Receipt of regular or weekly help from grandparents positively moderates the association between attendance at religious services and fertility intentions, albeit only for male respondents and mainly for the intention to have a second child.\n

背景　随着全面二孩政策实施，育龄妇女生育意愿受到全社会的关注，但对于超过最佳生育年龄的孕妇的生育意愿和心理健康状况的影响因素的研究却鲜见报道。目的　了解安徽省中小城市30岁及以上二孩孕妇的生育意愿和心理健康状况，为二孩政策的实施及配套政策的完善提供参考。方法　2018年4&mdash;8月采用多阶段整群抽样法，随机选取安徽省中小城市中的铜陵市、淮南市、六安市作为研究地点，选择在妇幼保健院建立妊娠期保健卡的30岁及以上的二孩孕妇作为研究对象。收集其一般人口学资料、生育意愿及生育相关特征、总体幸福感量表（GWBS）评分。采用多因素Logistic回归模型分析生育意愿、心理健康状况的影响因素。结果　共发放问卷647份，回收有效问卷618份，有效回收率为95.5%。不同年龄、身体健康状况、理想生育子女数目、周围人群生育情况、生育决定权、二孩性别期待的孕妇生育意愿比较，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示，年龄、周围人群生育状况、生育决定权、二孩性别期待是孕妇生育意愿的影响因素（P<0.05）。不愿意生育孕妇的精力、对生活的满足和兴趣、忧郁或愉快的心境、对情感和行为的控制、松弛与紧张得分、GWBS总分低于愿意生育的孕妇（P<0.05）。不同GWBS评分孕妇身体健康状况、生育意愿、生育决定权和生育政策知晓情况比较，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示，身体健康状况、生育意愿、生育决定权是GWBS评分的影响因素（P<0.05）。结论　安徽省中小城市30岁及以上二孩孕妇总体生育意愿较强，孕妇心理健康状况主要受生育意愿影响。相关部门应采取综合性措施，以应对政策变化带来的挑战。

México is a developing nation and, in the city of Morelia, the concept of the bicyclist as a road user appeared only recently in the Municipal Traffic Regulations. Perhaps the right bicycle infrastructure could address safety, crime, and economic development. To identify the best infrastructure, six groups in Morelia ranked and commented on pictures of bicycle environments that exist in bicycle-friendly nations. Perceptions about bike paths, but only those with impossible-to-be-driven-over solid barriers, were associated with safety from crashes, lowering crime, and contributing to economic development. Shared use paths were associated with lowering the probability of car/bike crashes but lacked the potential to deter crime and foster the local economy. Joint bus and bike lanes were associated with lower safety because of the unwillingness by Mexican bus drivers to be courteous to bicyclists. Gender differences about crash risk biking in the road with the cars (6 best/0 worst scenario) were statistically significant (1.4 for male versus 0.69 for female; p < 0.001). For crashes, crime, and economic development, perceptions about bicycle infrastructure were different in this developing nation perhaps because policy, institutional context, and policing (ticketing for unlawful parking) are not the same as in a developed nation. Countries such as Mexico should consider building cycle tracks with solid barriers to address safety, crime, and economic development.

In recent decades, the elderly population has increased at higher rates than any other population group, resulting in an increase in age-related diseases such as neurodegenerative and cognitive impairment. To address this global health problem, it is necessary to search for new dietary strategies that can prevent the main neurocognitive problems associated with the ageing process. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of cocoa flavanols and red berry anthocyanins on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor receptor (NGF-R) and to stablish the possible improvement in cognitive performance by using a battery of neurocognitive tests that included the Verbal Learning Test Spain-Complutense, the Spatial Recall Test 10/36 BRB-N, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale III and IV, the STROOP Task and the Tower of London Test. A randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study was performed in 60 healthy volunteers between 50 and 75 years old who consumed a cocoa powder, a red berries mixture or a combination of both for 12 weeks. After the intervention, we observed a reduction in the time needed to start (p = 0.031) and finish (p = 0.018) the neurocognitive test known as the Tower of London in all groups, but the decrease in time to finish the task was more pronounced in the intervention with the combination of cocoa-red berries group. We failed to show any significant difference in BDNF and NGF-R sera levels. However we found a negative correlation between BDNF and the number of movements required to finish the TOL in women (p = 0.044). In conclusion, our study showed an improvement in executive function, without any change in neurotrofin levels, for all intervention arms.

关于育龄夫妇二孩生育意愿的影响因素，既有研究所用的变量不同，采用同一变量所得的结果也不一致，现有成果描绘的是一幅杂乱的研究图画。相对可靠的结论是：对于育龄人群二孩生育意愿，祖辈支持和家庭收入变量具有正向影响；女性年龄、地区经济发达程度变量具有负向影响；一孩性别主要对农村居民具有影响；健康状况没有影响；户口性质的影响只在真正的城乡居民之间存在差别，在流动人口与城市居民之间以及在城乡已婚独生子女之间或许并不存在；文化程度与二孩生育意愿之间的关系，目前还不能获得相对确切的认识。当下，需要正视研究认知的限度，探寻严谨的治学方法。

Regional contraceptive use differentials are pronounced in Ghana, with the lowest levels occurring in the Northern Region. Community-based health services, intended to promote maternal and child health and family planning use, may have failed to address this problem. This paper presents an analysis of qualitative data on community perspectives on family planning “readiness,” “willingness,” and “ability” compiled in the course of 20 focus group discussions with residents (mothers and fathers of children under five, young boys and girls, and community elders) of two communities each in two Northern Region districts that were either equipped with or lacking direct access to community health services. The study districts are localities where contraceptive use is uncommon and fertility is exceptionally high. Results suggest that direct access to community services has had no impact on contraceptive attitudes or practice. Widespread method knowledge is often offset by side-effect misperceptions. Social constraints are prominent owing to opposition from men. Findings attest to the need to improve the provision of contraceptive information and expand method choice options. Because societal acceptance and access in this patriarchal setting is critical to use, frontline worker deployment should prioritize strategies for outreach to men and community groups with prominent attention to social mobilization themes and strategies that support family planning.

使用中国综合社会调查(CGSS)数据，证明了体育锻炼对饥荒经历引起的中老年期主观和客观健康差异均具有弥合作用。研究发现：具有不同程度饥荒经历的中老年群体存在显著的健康差异；体育锻炼对经历饥荒时间最长的中老年人的健康状况具有显著的改善作用；相对于未经历饥荒的中老年人，参与体育锻炼对具有饥荒经历的中老年人的主观和客观健康状况的改善效应更明显，且随着体育锻炼参与频率的提高，具有不同程度饥荒经历的中老年群体的健康状况逐渐趋于收敛。体育锻炼这一干预措施能有效改善由饥荒经历导致的中老年群体间健康差异。应重视体育锻炼的健康促进效应，建立基于全生命周期的体育服务模式和“主动健康”综合支持策略，积极探索“体-医-养”协同发展框架。

青少年心理健康关乎国家和民族的未来。基于经济合作与发展组织（OECD）开展的青少年社会情感能力调查的中国苏州的数据，运用OLS分析、KHB方法及工具变量法，分析体育锻炼对青少年心理健康的影响及作用机制。结果发现：1）体育锻炼能非常显著地提高被调查者的心理健康水平，且从剂量效应而言，每天进行1 h的适度体育锻炼对被调查者的心理健康促进作用最为明显；2）分位数回归分析结果表明，体育锻炼对被调查者心理健康的影响具有反“马太效应”；3）机制分析表明，身体健康、同伴交往和亲子互动在体育锻炼影响被调查者的心理健康时产生了中介效应，其中，身体健康的作用最大，占比为20.00%，同伴交往次之，占比为10.54%。为了进一步促进“以体强心”，应重视体育锻炼对青少年心理健康的促进作用、采取分层干预策略、增加亲子互动型体育锻炼活动。

We investigated the association between leisure time exercise participation and well-being (i.e., life satisfaction and happiness) and examined the causality underlying this association.The association between exercise participation and well-being was assessed in around 8000 subjects, (age range 18-65 years) from The Netherlands Twin Registry (NTR). Causality was tested with the co-twin control method in 162 monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs, 174 dizygotic (DZ) twin and sibling pairs, and 2842 unrelated individuals.Exercisers were more satisfied with their life and happier than non-exercisers at all ages. The odds ratio for life satisfaction given exercise participation was significantly higher than unity in unrelated pairs, and a trend was visible in DZ pairs. In MZ pairs, the odds ratio was close to unity. The pattern of odds ratios for happiness given exercise participation was similar.Exercise participation is associated with higher levels of life satisfaction and happiness. This association is non-causal and appears to be mediated by genetic factors that influence both exercise behavior and well-being.