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Identification Criteria, Regulatory Approaches and Recommendations for Unfair Competitive Advantages Conferred by Technology-Empowered Equipment in Competitive Sports
Received date: 2025-12-16
Online published: 2026-07-29
While technology-empowered competitive equipment used by athletes enhances performance, it may simultaneously create an unfair competitive advantage, amounting to a form of “technological doping” that undermines the spirit of fairness in competitive sports. To determine whether such equipment confers an unfair advantage, both substantive criteria and procedural rules governing the burden and standard of proof must be established. The substantive standard contains two core requirements: the essential competitive elements of each sport must not be impaired, and the degree of technological intervention must be subject to rigid constraints. The procedural standard explicitly places the legal burden of proof on the international sports federation, adopts the preponderance of probability as the evidentiary standard, and maintains a cautious, precautionary stance toward technological intervention. In the Chinese context, technology-empowered equipment used in competitive sports should be subject to stringent regulation. Domestic sports organizations should closely follow relevant international regulatory standards and, in the event of disputes arising from technology-empowered equipment in domestic competitive sports, bear the burden of proving that an athlete’s use of such equipment creates an unfair competitive advantage.
ZHAO Yun . Identification Criteria, Regulatory Approaches and Recommendations for Unfair Competitive Advantages Conferred by Technology-Empowered Equipment in Competitive Sports[J]. Journal of Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, 2026 , 38(3) : 330 -338 . DOI: 10.14036/j.cnki.cn11-4513.2026.03.009
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