The 2025 revision of the Physical Education and Health Curriculum Standards for General Senior High Schools represents the third revision of the Standards since the beginning of the 21st century and fur ther reinforces the role of disciplinary core competencies in guiding curriculum implementation. From the perspective of curriculum implementation and instructional improvement, three key bottlenecks constraining improvements in the quality and effectiveness of the physical education and health curriculum in general senior high schools are identified. First, the class-rotation elective system in physical education has yet to be widely institutionalized and routinely implemented at the school level, leaving continuous learning through sequenced modules and the alignment of learning, practice, and competition without stable organizational support. Second, the precision-oriented closed-loop system linking measurement, analysis, intervention, and evaluation in physical fitness and health promotion remains underdeveloped, while ongoing support for the development of healthy behaviors remains relatively weak. Third, an integrated implementation system has yet to be established for the cultivation of sports character, one that links behaviorally specified objectives, content developed into teachable materials, institutionalized instructional methods, evidence-based assessment, and collaborative governance mechanisms. Accordingly, three priority reform and innovation initiatives are proposed for implementing the 2025 revision: advancing the class-rotation elective system in physical education to ensure continuity and instructional quality in sport-specific learning; implementing the four-precision approach to make physical fitness and health promotion more targeted and sustainable; and embedding lesson-by-lesson cultivation of sporting conduct in classroom practice to translate the core competency requirements for sports character into sporting conduct that is observable, recordable, and assessable in the classroom, rather than leaving them at the level of conceptual advocacy.
Currently, the application of the big idea in sport disciplines faces several challenges, including vague conceptual definitions, contradictory conceptual expressions, inaccurate concept validation, and insufficient practical implementation. To strengthen cognitive understanding, the following aspects should be addressed:First, the big idea of sport disciplines refers to an integrated and interconnected systematic framework or explanatory model abstracted from the teaching context of physical education and health courses, whose expression should take the form of declarative statements describing the relationship between two or more concepts.Second, while related to core literacy, the big idea of sport disciplines is distinct from it; it is constructed through the processes of experientializing phenomena, conceptualizing experience, and structuring concepts.Third, the criteria for identifying a big idea include presenting a networked structure, embodying the metacognitive characteristics of the discipline's ontology, and demonstrating strong relational validity. Its formation depends on a complete and systematic set of unit entities, self-constructed learning approaches, authentic teaching contexts, and teachers'interpretive literacy.The proposed development path involves: taking curriculum experts as the main actors to systematically construct the conceptual system of the discipline; using curriculum organization as the leverage to give full play to the structuring function of big ideas; and referencing mature international models while critically adapting foreign experiences of big idea development.
The existing Regulations on National Fitness have become increasingly inadequate to meet the evolving demands of the new era, particularly in promoting the deep integration of national fitness and public health initiatives, as well as advancing the national strategies of building a leading sporting nation and implementing the Healthy China agenda. In 2023, the Draft Amendment to Regulations on National Fitness was released for public consultation. Aligning with the newly revised Sports Law of the People’s Republic of China and relevant national development strategies, the draft introduces two new chapters, namely “Public Services” and “Supervision and Administration,” clarifies the respective responsibilities of government, society, and market actors, and strengthens sports event regulation, facility safeguards, and legal liability provisions.. This article examines the necessity of revising the Regulations from multiple perspectives, including constitutional implementation, alignment with higher-level laws, protection of citizens’rights, social governance, and regulation of emerging business models. It further provides a systematic analysis of the institutional innovations and core provisions embodied in the draft revision. In response to existing deficiencies relating to conceptual clarification, the integration of sports and healthcare, digital governance, and legislative coordination, the article proposes corresponding improvement measures. The ultimate objective is to facilitate the transformation of national fitness governance from comprehensive coverage to high-quality development and to reinforce the institutional foundations for the advancement of the rule of law in Chinese sports and public health undertakings.
The rapid development of mass participation sports events has significantly changed the structure of safety risks in such events. Although the Civil Code, the Sports Law, and the Measures for the Administration of Sports Events have provided basic normative foundations, stable sub-statutory rules are still lacking in terms of identifying duty bearers, differentiating the content of obligations, and allocating liability. An examination of judicial decisions shows that judicial practice has accumulated useful experience concerning substantive control, risk differentiation, and liability allocation, yet such experience has not been transformed into unified rules. The revision of the Regulations on National Fitness should take this as an opportunity to establish type-specific rules governing safety guarantee obligations in mass participation sports events. In terms of regulation, the level of supervision should correspond to the risk level of the event. In terms of duty bearers, core organizers, auxiliary participants, and venue managers should be identified according to their actual capacity to control risks. In terms of the content of obligations, duties such as risk assessment, risk notification, medical assistance, emergency response, and event suspension should be allocated according to the risk level of the event. In terms of liability, distinctions should be made between liability in events organized by multiple entities, liability for harm caused by third parties, and liability arising from the inherent risks of sports events, so as to prevent safety guarantee obligations from being transformed into liability for all adverse outcomes.
The “Regulations on National Fitness (Revised Draft)” introduces a new section on “National Fitness Public Services” to enhance the governance system of national fitness public services in China. This is crucial for strengthening the construction of the national fitness public service system and improving the level of national fitness governance. From the perspective of central-local collaborative governance, this study comprehensively utilizes methods such as literature review and text analysis to explore the legislative dilemmas and suggestions for improvement of national fitness public services. The research finds that the “Revised Draft” clarifies the main responsibilities of governments at all levels, aiming to achieve a reasonable division of labor among the state, local governments, and social organizations in the governance of national fitness public services. It has the practical value of meeting the current needs of central-local collaborative governance of national fitness public services in China, constructing a legal system based on the characteristics of central-local collaborative governance of national fitness public services, and establishing a governance approach for collaborative participation by central and local departments in the governance of national fitness public services. However, the “Revised Draft” also faces practical challenges such as lagging legislative content, limited legislative adaptability, and weak legislative applicability. Based on this, it is suggested to start by enhancing the adaptability of legal content to strengthen the legal foundation of central-local collaborative governance of national fitness public services; to focus on enhancing the normativity of the governance system to deepen the legislative adaptability of central-local collaborative governance of national fitness public services; and to support the improvement of legislative applicability to adjust the internal structure of central-local collaborative governance of national fitness public services.
Promoting the universal sharing of competitive sports achievements is a critical issue in advancing national fitness under the rule of law. Article 52 of the Regulations on National Fitness (Revised Draft) juxtaposes “establishing a system” with “encouraging dissemination”, leaving the legal characterization of athletes’ fitness guidance services unsettled. Drawing on the dual-stage structure as an analytical framework, this paper categorizes athletes’participation in fitness guidance into mandatory baseline obligations and voluntary and encouraged services. The legitimacy of these baseline obligations derives from the state’s positive obligation and identity expectations, while the impasse of soft law hardening in the“two entries” program drives the incorporation of the“three entries” initiative into law. Baseline obligations are justified through proportionality review, whereas the boundaries of voluntary services encouraged by policy are defined by volunteer protection mechanisms, preventing the logic of compulsion from encroaching upon the sphere of voluntariness. At the governance level, the dual-stage structure is linked through coordinated access mechanisms, with hard law setting the baseline and soft law incentivizing innovation, thereby forming a complementary governance framework. Accordingly, this paper proposes three rule-of-law pathways: the codification of baseline obligations, the institutionalization of advocacy and incentives, and differentiated local governance.This paper focuses primarily on elite athletes, the obligation structure of coaches is isomorphic to that of athletes and may be applied by analogy.
Based on data from the 2018 and 2022 China Family Panel Studies(CFPS), this study utilized a fixed-effects logit regression to examine the impact of sports participation on residents’ intention to have more children. Furthermore, the KHB method was employed to test the mediating roles of health status and income levels. The results indicate that individual characteristics and family factors significantly influence the intention to have more children of Chinese residents. After controlling for individual and year fixed effects, as well as other relevant variables, sports participation continues to have a significant positive effect on the intention to have more children(β=0.536, p<0.001). Robustness checks, using the first-order lag of sports participation as the core explanatory variable, confirm that the results remain statistically significant. As a typical health behavior, sports participation not only directly affects the intention to have more children but also exerts an indirect influence through health status and income levels. Consequently, it is recommended to strengthen the public service system for national fitness, optimize the supply of public sports services, and strengthen incentives for residents to engage in physical exercise. By guiding and encouraging residents to participate in physical exercise, the government can effectively raise residents’ intention to have more children and mitigate the problems of low fertility and population aging.
Using methods such as literature review, case analysis, and comparative research, this study analyzes the evolution, policy measures, and Singapore’s experience in utilizing sports facilities to promote urban regeneration. The findings reveal that Singapore’s strategies for leveraging sports facilities in urban regeneration include top-level design and policy support, multi-dimensional planning and efficient utilization of sports infrastructure, synergistic development of sports and green urbanism, the operation of sports facilities with community participation and a people-centered approach, as well as the application and innovation of smart sports facilities and digital platforms. Implications for China include: establishing a “sports-plus” policy coordination framework to strengthen systematic top-level design, exploring “three-dimensional sports space” supply models for high-density cities, building resilient cities that integrate sports facilities with the ecological environment, developing a sports facility governance model jointly driven by digital empowerment and community participation, and fostering a “sports economic ecosystem” to promote industrial upgrading.
Enhancing the resilience of sports tourism is both a necessary response to national strategies such as building a leading sports nation and a strong tourism country, and a key pathway for promoting high-quality and sustainable development in the sector. Based on the Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) configurational framework, this study employs panel data from 31 Chinese provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) between 2019 and 2023. Using a combined methodology of Necessary Condition Analysis (NCA) and dynamic Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA), it investigates the configurational pathways to enhancing sports tourism resilience in China. The findings indicate that: (1) The level of opening up to the outside world is an important fundamental condition for achieving high resilience in sports tourism, but no single variable consistently constitutes a sole necessary condition for achieving high resilience in sports tourism; (2) The “technology-organization-environment” configuration framework has formed three diverse configuration types that drive high resilience in sports tourism, namely the digital innovation synergy type, the endogenous innovation-driven type, and the“innovation-government-openness”multi-core concurrent type; (3) None of the five paths for driving high resilience in sports tourism showed a significant time effect that led to a qualitative change in the configuration form, demonstrating strong explanatory power and good universality; (4) Each province has multiple paths to achieve high resilience in sports tourism, and the coverage within each configuration group and the element compatibility within each group show significant regional heterogeneity and element adaptability. The study recommends: Utilizing the dual wheels of the technology market to drive the synergy of digital innovation; relying on the local demand cycle to forge the internal driving path; embedding the institutional technology market to construct a multi-core concurrent network; consolidating the data regional coordination to support the common guarantee mechanism.
Enhancing China's international sports discourse power is not only a core strategic task for building a leading sports nation and a cultural power, but also a critical breakthrough to break Western discourse hegemony in the current international sports field and construct a sports discourse system with Chinese characteristics. As an important carrier of excellent traditional Chinese culture, traditional ethnic sports have a deep inherent coupling relationship with the improvement of China’s international sports discourse power, and serve as the core support for resolving the structural shortcomings of China’s sports discourse. Adopting the methods of literature review and logical analysis, this paper systematically explains the inherent coupling logic between the two, analyzes the practical dilemmas faced by traditional ethnic sports in facilitating the construction of international sports discourse power, clarifies its core role orientation in the process of enhancing such discourse power, and constructs a hierarchical, implementable and systematic practical strategy system. The research shows that traditional ethnic sports undertake five core roles in the construction of China’s international sports discourse power, namely identity marker, discourse construction, rule supply, ecological balance, and exchange bond. Through systematic practice in four dimensions, namely carrier construction, narrative innovation, rule co-construction and governance participation, it can fully unlock its cultural value and communication advantages, consolidate the core support for improving China’s international sports discourse power, and provide actionable practical reference for the construction of a leading sports nation and a cultural power.
Postmenopausal women experience a decline in estrogen levels, which increases the risk of dyslipidemia and accelerated arterial stiffening. Objective: This study aimed to systematically evaluate the effects of aerobic, resistance, and combined exercise on lipid metabolism and arterial stiffness in postmenopausal women. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in CNKI, Web of Science, and PubMed from database inception to June 16, 2025. Two researchers independently screened studies, assessed methodological quality (using the PEDro scale), and extracted data. A three-level random-effects meta-analysis was performed, with prespecified subgroup analyses by participant age, exercise type, intervention duration, and frequency. Results: Exercise interventions significantly reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C, SMD = -0.43, 95% CI: -0.70 to -0.16), total cholesterol (TC, SMD = -0.35, 95% CI: -0.60 to -0.09), and triglyceride (TG, SMD = -0.38, 95% CI: -0.72 to -0.04), and improved brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV, SMD = -1.80, 95% CI: -3.37 to -0.23). Subgroup analysis revealed that resistance training significantly improved LDL-C and TG; combined exercise also showed strong effects on LDL-C and TC. Effects were more pronounced in women <60 years, those receiving 12-week interventions, and those exercising ≥3 times per week. Conclusion: Exercise interventions effectively improve lipid metabolism and arterial stiffness in postmenopausal women. Resistance training shows particular benefit in lowering LDL-C and TG, while combined exercise demonstrates consistent efficacy in improving TC and LDL-C, suggesting clinical value across multiple modalities. Future studies are needed to clarify relative effectiveness and optimize exercise dosing for precision intervention.
